Soviet Union

The movement of aiding the Republic by the Soviet Union have many criticits, but the most of the students of this period reach the same position, the moral superior of the USSR.

In the beginning of the conflict the public opinion impulse a campaign of solidarity that moved people of the worldwide.Declassified records and documents shows how the surrounding of the USSR in the Republic change the movement of all the world to close the influence of the communist in Spain. This became official when the Soviet Union declare to fight for the rights of the Republic, this make that this internacional aid decreased from 18 million francs to only aid of USSR. The Comitern also tried to get influence in Spain after the war to move the masses, like what happens in France with the Popular Front (supported by USSR).

The Comitern inicieted a conference in Paris at the end of October to organize practival relief for the Spanich women, children and families, which has a propaganda operation within trying to move the internacional proletariat and democratic forces of all states, developing an activism of brotherly to the Spanish people.

In spite of all of this tries, six months of war the ECCI suggested to intervention to explote all the posibilities.

Many measure were token by the sovietic government to move all the country, but one curious term of the aid part said that:

“ a.Aim of the campaign:
The aim of the campaign is to put a stop to the aid being rendered Franco.
Forms of the Campaign:

1. In non-fascist countries: mass meetings, meetings at factories, demonstrations, action in Parliament, municipalities and in the Labor press.
2. In fascist countries: all forms of protest no matter how insignificant they may seem at times—chalking walls, pasting up small placards, scattering leaflets at places where large numbers of people gather, i.e. market places, theatres, cinemas; small flying meetings, utilization of the illegal radio, open letters of relatives of soldiers serving in Spain, organizing the expression of sympathy with them, etc.
   Everywhere, both in fascist and non-fascist countries, collections should be organized at the factories.... ”

This catch the intention of the sovietic, that wanted a feedback of the war and of the all invesments.

In the Red Square there were many demostrations defended the Spanish Republic, orators, speeches, singing, chanting and declarations of some revolutionaries.This demostrations spread out to many Sovietic cities.

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The Soviet Union provided the Republican side with many weapons and vehicules, In one hand, many of them were obsolete or too old related to the National side weapons and aircraft. In the other hand, their tanks were better than the german tanks.

I-15:

I-16:

SB-Tupolev:

The Soviet Union profited from the international isolation of the Spanish Republic imposed by the Non-intervention agreements and assisted the beleaguered Republican government by providing weapons and pilots. Russians pilots were volunteers. They received no incentives, like combat bonuses.

After the western democracies refused military assistance to the established Spanish Government in the name of so-called "Non-Intervention", the Soviet Union and Mexico were practically the only nations that helped Republican Spain in its struggle. Hitler and Stalin saw the first war experience in Spain, testing its new technics and advances.

The first planes that came to Spain were Tupolev SB bombers. Their first action was a morale-lifting bombing raid on Talavera de la Reina military airfield used by the Legionary Nazi and Italian planes. This action made the Russian pilots very popular among the people in Madrid. The Katiuska pilots took advantage for the time being of their aircraft's relatively higher speed, but the plane was vulnerable and its fuel tanks easily caught fire when shot at.

Sergei Fyodorovich Tarkhov was one of the first Russian fighter pilots reaching Spain along with the new Russian Chato and Moscaplanes in October 1936. Very quickly Tarkhov distinguished himself by claiming five victories against the Junkers Ju 52 Nazi planes that dropped bombs over Madrid. But this young and enthusiastic pilot's plane was shot down on 13 November 1936. Tarkhov died from his wounds one week later at the Gómez Ulla Military Hospital in Madrid and a Squadron, Escuadrilla Tarkhov, was named in his honor.

There were about 300 Russian pilots in or around Madrid by the end of November 1936. The improved defensive capacity of the Spanish Republic boosted the morale of the areas of Spain under loyalist control. The Russian pilots gave their best performance in the Battle of Guadalajara, routing the Italian Aviazione Legionaria and pounding the Fascist militias incessantly from the air.

Following the demands of the Non-Intervention Committee, Soviet pilots were phased out in the fall of 1938 and trained Spanish airmen took their places after having been trained at the flying schools of Albacete, Alicante,Murcia, El Palomar, Alhama, Los Alcázares, Lorca or El Carmolí that had been set up by the Soviet military. From about 772 Russian airmen that served the Spanish Republican Air Force for over two years, a total of 99 lost their lives. 

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The USSR contravened the League of Nations boicot by providing material assistance to the Republican forces, becoming their only source of major weapons. Unlike Hitler and Mussolini, Stalin tried to do this covertly. In total, estimates of material provided by the USSR to the Republicans vary between 634-806 planes, 331-362 tanks and 1,034-1,895 artillery pieces.

Stalin also created Section X of the Soviet Union military to head the weapons shipment operation, called Operation X. Despite Stalin's interest in aiding the Republicans, the quality of arms was inconsistent. On one hand, many of the rifles provided were old, obsolete or otherwise of limited use. On the other hand, the T-26 and BT-5 tanks were modern and effective in combat. The Soviet Union supplied aircraft that were in current service with their own forces, but the aircraft provided by Germany to the Nationalists proved superior by the end of the war.

The Republic paid for Soviet arms with official Bank of Spain gold reserves. This would later be the frequent subject of Franquist propaganda, under the term "Moscow Gold". The cost of the Soviet Union arms was more than the value of Spain's gold reserves, the fourth-largest in the world, estimated at US $500 million (1936 prices), 176 tonnes of which was transferred through France.

The USSR sent a number of military advisers to Spain and, while Soviet troops were fewer than 500 men at a time, Soviet volunteers often operated Soviet-made tanks and aircraft, particularly at the beginning of the war.In addition, the Soviet Union directed Communist parties around the world to organize and recruit the International Brigades.

Another significant Soviet involvement was the activity of the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) inside the Republican rearguard. Communist figures including Vittorio Vidali ("Comandante Contreras"), Iosif Grigulevich, Mikhail Koltsov and, most prominently, Aleksandr Mikhailovich Orlov led operations that included the murders of Catalan anti-stalinist Communist politician Andreu Nin and independent left-wing activist José Robles. Also, the shooting down in December 1936 of the French aircraft in which the delegate of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC),Georges Henny, carried to France extensive documentation on the Paracuellos massacres was a NKVD-led operation.

Battle of the Sierra Guadalupe:

Las tropas del coronel Asensio fueron objeto de un intenso bombardeo de la aviación republicana dirigida por André Malraux; Una sección de esta unidad fue casi destruida en Medellín. Este ataque retrasó seriamente las operaciones, ya que a los sublevados cogió por sorpresa este ataque y no disponían de medios aéreos para hacer frente.

Esta era la primera actuación importante de la conocida como Escuadrilla España, una unidad formada por André Malraux en Francia con unos pocos pilotos y que reunía a tres bombarderos Potez, dos Breguet y un Douglas reconvertido a bombardero.Aun así, estos aviones no estaban preparados para la guerra moderna (las bombas debían lanzarse por las ventanas de los aparatos)